Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Overview of Elizabeth I / One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. . By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. One was debt. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. What were the causes of westward - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. By 1568 most people had accepted. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. 1558 -french threat. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Boston House, She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Boston House, Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. VAT reg no 816865400. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Become a Member |
A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Boston Spa, However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Manage Settings Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Best Answer. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . VAT reg no 816865400. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. VAT reg no 816865400. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Company Reg no: 04489574. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. 214 High Street, When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail.